Sanitation is a fundamental determinant of public health, economic development, and social development well-being. Despite various interventions in Kenya, many households in semi-urban and rural areas continue to face challenges in accessing and adopting appropriate sanitation technologies. In Kapseret Sub-County, limited sanitation infrastructure, coupled with socio-economic and cultural barriers, has led to persistent reliance on inadequate facilities. This situation presents a critical public health concern, raising the question of how household characteristics, socio-economic status, and social factors influence the adoption of sanitation technologies. The study sought to address this problem by examining the influence of social, economic, and demographic characteristics on sanitation technology choices in Kapseret Sub-County. Specifically, the objectives were: (i) to determine the socio-economic factors that influence sanitation technology choices, (ii) to establish the role of social and cultural perceptions in sanitation decision-making, and (iii) to assess the relationship between household characteristics and the adoption of sanitation technologies. By doing so, the study aimed to generate insights that could inform policies and interventions tailored to improve public health outcomes in the region. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which highlights the role of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioural control in shaping decisions, the study adopted a descriptive research design. A sample of 475 households was drawn from a total population of 59,746 using Mugenda and Mugenda’s (2003) formula. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26 through descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and ANOVA tests. Findings revealed a concerning sanitation situation in Kapseret Sub-County, where over half of households (53.7%) lacked access to reliable sanitation facilities. Household income levels and the cost of installation and maintenance were the most influential factors in technology choice. Social norms, particularly community perceptions (mean = 3.16), traditional customs, and gender roles, significantly shaped adoption decisions, while education (mean = 3.12) exerted a more moderate influence. ANOVA results confirmed a statistically significant relationship between socio-economic characteristics and sanitation choices (F = 10.666, p = 0.001). The study concludes that sanitation interventions must be culturally sensitive, socially inclusive, and education-driven. It recommends a multifaceted approach that integrates financial support, targeted education, and environmentally sustainable solutions to accelerate the adoption of sanitation technologies. Such strategies are essential to enhance public health and promote sustainable community development in Kapseret Sub-County and similar contexts.